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CARBON CAPTURE
& STORAGE
Paulsson sensor technologies characterize and monitor geological Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) processes and facilities in ultra-high resolution and in real-time. It can also detect small casing leaks, and geological interbed gas flows, as well as monitor the structural integrity of critical equipment with extreme sensitivity and precision.
CCS WHAT IS IT?
Geological Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a process that involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial processes or power generation, then storing them deep underground in geological formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifers, or un-minable coal seams.
Characterizing geological CCS processes and facilities in ultra-high resolution means obtaining detailed and precise information about the geological formations where CO2 is being injected and stored, as well as the injection and monitoring facilities used to manage the process. This level of resolution requires using advanced technologies such as seismic imaging, microseismic monitoring, and well logging to create highly detailed 3D models of the subsurface.

By characterizing geological CCS processes and facilities in ultra-high resolution, scientists and engineers can better understand the behavior of CO2 within the subsurface formations, as well as the potential risks and benefits of CCS. This information is critical for designing safe and effective CCS projects, as well as for monitoring and verifying the long-term storage of CO2. Additionally, this level of detail can help optimize injection and monitoring strategies, improve operational efficiency, and reduce costs associated with CCS.

THE CARBON CAPTURE PROCESS
The CCS process aims to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions, preventing them from entering the atmosphere and contributing to climate change.
The Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) process can be broken down into several key steps:

Capture
This step captures carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial processes or power plants using methods like post-combustion, pre-combustion, or oxy-fuel combustion. The CO2 is then compressed for transport and storage.



Transport
The compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported to the storage site, typically through pipelines but also by tankers or other methods, depending on the location and infrastructure.


Compression
The captured carbon dioxide (CO2) is compressed into a high-pressure state, making it denser and easier to transport through pipelines or tankers. This process also prepares the CO2 for secure storage in geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers.

Injection
The CO2 is injected deep underground into geological formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifers, or un-minable coal seams. The CO2 is stored in these formations, which act as natural geological permanent containers.


Monitoring
The injection site is continuously monitored to ensure that the CO2 is being stored safely and securely. Monitoring can involve several techniques such as seismic imaging, microseismic, pressure and temperature monitoring, and fluid sampling.



Verification
After injection, the stored CO2 is verified through monitoring and modeling to ensure that it remains safely stored and does not leak into the atmosphere or water sources.
ADVANCING CARBON SEQUESTRATION
PAULSSON IS A 3D/4D VSP PIONEER AND WORLD RECORD HOLDER!
Paulsson has cemented its reputation as a pioneer and world record holder in 3D/4D Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) technology. In 2002 and 2003, Paulsson made history by conducting the first-ever time-lapse surveys of CO2 injection into a reservoir. These groundbreaking surveys set a new standard for time-lapse imaging of carbon sequestration, showcasing Paulsson’s commitment to advancing the field. By pushing the boundaries of what was possible in subsurface imaging, Paulsson's work has played a pivotal role in enhancing our understanding of carbon storage, marking a significant achievement in the pursuit of sustainable environmental solutions.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN ACTION!
This Production Grade time-lapse survey of CO2 injection in a reservoir was recorded, processed and interpreted by Paulsson.

Borehole Seismic Time-lapse surveys (4D VSP) to monitor 574 acre CO2 depth amplitude maps at 4,800ft showing the CO2 plume.

Increased reflectivity in the Monitor Survey 2003 at a depth of 4,800 ft at the well is due to the injected CO2. Also seen is the increased reflectivity around the water injector wells.